|
''Oryol'' ((ロシア語:Орёл)) was a built for the Russian Imperial Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. The ship was completed a few months before the start of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904 and was assigned to the Second Pacific Squadron sent to the Far East six months later to break the Japanese blockade of Port Arthur. The Japanese captured the port while the squadron was in transit and their destination was changed to Vladivostok. ''Oryol'' was badly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905 and surrendered to the Japanese who put her into service under the name of ''Iwami'' ((日本語:石見)). Reconstructed by the Japanese in 1905–1907, ''Iwami'' was reclassified by the Imperial Japanese Navy as a coastal defence ship in 1912. She participated in the Battle of Tsingtao at the beginning of World War I and supported the Japanese troops that landed in Siberia in 1918 during the Russian Civil War. ''Iwami'' was used as a training ship beginning in September 1921. The ship was disarmed in 1922 to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and sunk as a target ship in 1924. ==Design and description== The five ''Borodino''-class predreadnought battleships were the centerpiece of Tsar Nicholas II's naval building program, "For the Needs of the Far East", that was intended to defend his newly leased warm-water port at Port Arthur, China. He had obtained the lease after the Triple Intervention by France, Russia, and Germany forced Japan to return it to China after the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. The Russian lease was seen as adding insult to injury by the Japanese and confirmed that the two countries were on a collision course over their spheres of influence in Korea and China.〔McLaughlin 2003, pp. 100–03〕 One of the first battleships ordered as part of the program was the French-designed and built and the Imperial Russian Navy also purchased a license to build more ships in domestic shipyards. The ''Borodino''s were derived from the design of ''Tsesarevich'', enlarged to suit Russian equipment, but with significantly thinner armor to reduce weight. ''Oryol'' was long overall, had a beam of and a draft of around at deep load. Designed to displace , she was more than overweight and actually displaced . This caused a problem during her sister's sea trials on 6 October 1903 when ''Imperator Aleksandr III'' made a high-speed turn that caused her to heel 15° and submerged the embrasures for the guns. The ship's crew consisted of 28 officers and 826 enlisted men. Her design was based on that of the ''Tsesarevich'', modified to suit Russian machinery.〔McLaughlin 2003, pp. 136–38, 140〕 The ship was powered by two four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers. The engines were rated at and designed to reach a top speed of . ''Oryol''s engines, however, only achieved during her official machinery trials on 10 September 1904, although the ship was able to reach her designed speed. She carried a maximum of of coal which allowed her to steam for at a speed of .〔McLaughlin 2003, pp. 137, 144〕 The ship's main battery consisted of four guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The secondary armament consisted of 12 Canet quick-firing (QF) guns, mounted in twin-gun turrets. A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats. These included twenty QF guns and twenty Hotchkiss guns. She was also armed with four torpedo tubes, one each at the bow and stern above water and two submerged on the broadside. ''Oryol''s waterline armor belt consisted of Krupp armor and was thick. The armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of and her deck ranged from in thickness. She had anti-torpedo bulkheads thick.〔McLaughlin 2003, pp. 136–37〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian battleship Oryol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|